Public Information Files Advisory Boards & Committees Code of Ordinances Commissioners Meeting Videos Deed Documents Deed History GIS On-Line Government Channel Schedule Land Transfer Search Land Transfers Approved Maps On-Line On-Line Payment Services Permits - Building Permits - Environmental Health Purchasing Road Conditions Shoreline History Subdivisions Tax\Property by Address Tax\Property by Owner Tax\Property by Parcel Tax\Property by PIN Tax\Property Street Names Tax Bills Tax Certification Tax Files for Download Tax Rates Taxing Services Transportation Trash Schedule Use Codes Webcams

Text Menu

Departments Adult Services Airport Animal Shelter Board Of Elections Buildings And Grounds Business Personal Taxes CAMA Clerk of Court Clerk to the Commissioners Communication Cooperative Extension* County Attorney County Commissioners County Engineer County Manager Dance Dare County Center Detention Center Emergency Management EMS Environmental Health FEMA Finance Fire Marshal Fleet Maintenance Food & Beverage Tax Friends Of Youth Health Department Human Resources Information Technology Land Transfer Tax Library Mosquito Control Motor Vehicle Occupancy Tax Oregon Inlet & Waterways Parks And Recreation Planning Public Relations Public Works Recycling Register Of Deeds Rubble Transfer Transport Sanitation Sheriff's Office Shoreline Management Social Services* Soil and Water Spanish Tax Appraisal Tax Collections Tax Listings Tax Mapping Transportation System Turf Maintenance Veteran's Office Wastewater Treatment Water Department

HIV Modes of Transmission, Clinical Manifestations, and Cases in the Public

HIV: Modes of Transmission

HIV can be transmitted from person to person through infected blood, semen or vaginal secretions, which have the highest concentrations of the virus and perinatally from mother to child. Breast milk has also been identified as a possible source of infection.

Although they may contain minute quantities of viral material, urine, tears, saliva and perspiration have never been implicated in the spread of HIV. To date the CDC has only investigated one case of HIV infection where transmission is believed to have occurred during kissing. However, the transmission was attributed to contact with blood, rather than saliva.^a

Clinical Manifestations of HIV Infection

The course of HIV infection can vary considerably among individuals. The mean interval from infection to the development of AIDS is 10-11 years.^b The spectrum of HIV infection ranges from an asymptomatic state to severe immunodeficiency with associated opportunistic infections, neoplasms, and other conditions. Initial infection can be followed by an acute flu-like illness with fever, lymphadenopathy, sweats, myalgia, arthralgia, rash, malaise, sore throat, and headache.

The risk of disease progression increases with the duration of infection. Less than 5% of HIV-infected adults develop AIDS within 2 years of infection; without therapy, approximately 20-25% develop AIDS within 6 years after infection, and 50% within 10 years. Although over 23 diseases/conditions have been identified as AIDS indicators, P. carinii pneumonia, HIV wasting syndrome, and candidiasis of the esophagus are the most common.

HIV Infection^c

Through June 30, 1997, a cumulative total of 612,078 persons with AIDS were reported to CDC by state and territorial health departments (table 1). Of these, 84 percent were adult/adolescent men, 15 percent were adult/adolescent women, and 1 percent were children (under 13 years of age). Of adults/adolescents reported during the 12 months period of July 1996–June 1997, 36 percent were white, 43 percent were black, and 20 percent were Hispanic. Men who have sex with men accounted for the largest proportion of reported cases (38 percent). Among 609 children reported in the those12 months, 15 percent were white, 63 percent were black, and 21 percent were Hispanic (table 6).Over 90 percent of these children were infected perinatally. In addition, 29 states that conduct HIV case surveillance of adults, adolescents, and/or children reported 86,972 persons who were diagnosed with HIV (excluding persons tested anonymously) but not yet diagnosed with AIDS (table 22).

Sources:

1. CDC: Transmission of HIV Possibly Associated with Exposure of Mucous Membrane to Contaminated Blood. MMWR July 11, 1997 / Vol. 46 / No. 27
2. Enger C., et al., Survival from early, intermediate and late stages of HIV infection . JAMA 1996; 275:1329-34)
3. U.S. HIV and AIDS cases reported through June 1997, Midyear edition Vol. 9, No. 1 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention Atlanta, Georgia 30333.

NOTE: A complete copy of the report (http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/hiv_aids/stats/hasrlink.htm) referred to in note b may be viewed on the Health and Human Services Pages in PDF format. As you will be leaving this self-study module, you will have to use your browser's back key to return to this page.

 [Quiz]  [Next]